| Latin vs Cyrillic source | Turkmen has been written in Latin since 1993, but older documents are in Soviet Cyrillic. Read a Cyrillic certificate as if it were Latin (or vice versa) and letters and names come out wrong. | We identify the source script first and assign a specialist who reads the Latin or the Cyrillic original as issued. |
| Stripping the special Latin letters | ý, ž, ň, ä, ö, ü, ş, ç carry distinct sounds. Flattened to y/z/n/a/o/u/s/c, words and names change and the passport spelling no longer matches. | Every special letter is kept exactly, in text and in names, and checked character-by-character against the source. |
| Turkmen ≠ Turkish | The two are related Oghuz languages, but vocabulary, orthography and some grammar differ. A Turkish rendering reads as foreign and misses the Turkmen norm. | We translate exclusively into standard Turkmen, never substituting Turkish forms even where the two look similar. |
| Vowel harmony in suffixes | Turkmen is agglutinative with vowel harmony: the vowel of a suffix depends on the stem. Pick the wrong suffix vowel and the word is ungrammatical. | Suffixes are built with correct vowel harmony, so cases, plurals and possessives attach naturally. |
| Soviet-era Russian loanwords | Administrative and technical texts carry Russian loanwords and calques. Rendered literally, they read as neither proper Turkmen nor clear German. | Loanwords are recognised and rendered by meaning, distinguishing genuine Turkmen terminology from Soviet administrative Russian. |
| Passport spelling of names | Turkmen names can appear in Latin, Cyrillic or a transliterated form. If the translation's spelling diverges from the passport, the document is rejected. | Names are matched exactly to the passport across every document of one person, keeping the special letters where the ID does. |
| "Notarised + legalised" ≠ "certified" | In Turkmenistan translations are notarised and then legalised; in Austria it is a court-sworn translator. And Turkmenistan is not in the Apostille Convention — so "apostille" is the wrong instrument. | We clarify in advance where the document applies and set the right form: a certified translation for Austria, or notarisation + consular legalisation for Turkmenistan. |