| The letters c and x read by their look-alike value | In Somali x is a hard h and c a guttural: Xasan = Hassan, Cabdi = Abdi, Maxamed = Mohamed. Read "as they look", the name turns into a different one — on a certificate, a different person. | Every name is rendered by its true sound and matched to the passport and residence papers, so all documents name the same person. |
| The three-name system pressed into first name / surname | A Somali name is usually three given names (own + father + grandfather); there is no inherited family name. Set the third name as a "surname" and siblings suddenly carry different "surnames" — and registers no longer match. | We map the name parts to the fields exactly as passport and authority expect, and explain the structure so families stay traceable. |
| Assuming p, v, z exist | These letters do not occur in native Somali words; foreign names and loanwords are adapted. "Back-translate" them and you invent spellings that never stood in the original. | Foreign names follow established practice and, where an official spelling exists (e.g. in the passport), are taken over exactly rather than reinvented. |
| Digraphs dh, kh, sh split apart | dh, kh and sh are each one sound, not a letter pair; q is a deep k. Read separately or equated with German sounds, the word or name changes. | Native speakers treat the digraphs as single units and render them faithfully — above all in place and personal names. |
| Pitch (gender / number) overlooked | Somali is a tone language; the pitch accent is not written but distinguishes, for example, gender and number. Without a feel for the language the wrong grammatical reading is chosen. | Native speakers with a field infer the intended form from context and choose the meaning that fits the document. |
| Postposed determiner particles taken as separate words | Instead of articles Somali appends particles (-ka, -ta, -ga). Detached or rendered literally, they break the word apart or invent a false reference. | The particles are recognised as part of the word and their function (definiteness, reference) carried across correctly. |
| Older Arabic / Osmanya script not recognised | Before 1972 — and in religious contexts to this day — Somali was written in Arabic (Wadaad) or in the native Osmanya script. Older documents in these scripts are missed or wrongly treated as Arabic. | We identify the script of the original and assign a translator who also reads the older Somali writing systems reliably. |
| Missing civil registers ignored | For long periods Somalia kept no comprehensive civil registers; dates often rest on estimate or self-report. Fake an "exact" date and you create a bogus record. | We translate precisely what the document says, flag approximations as such, and never invent precision the original does not carry. |