| Patronymic treated as a family name | “Jónsdóttir”/“Jónsson” is not a surname but “daughter/son of Jón”. Siblings carry different patronymics; registers and the phone book sort by the first name. Run as a family name, the person matches no directory. | We render the patronymic as such and assign it correctly to the name parts; the person is addressed by the first name, as Icelandic law and usage require. |
| Special letters þ · ð · æ replaced | þ (thorn) and ð (eth) are letters of their own, not “th” or “d”. Otherwise Þór becomes “Thor”, Guðrún “Gudrun” — a different name on a certificate. | Every special character is set Unicode-exact and true to the letter; names are checked character by character against passport and original. |
| Declined name taken as the base form | Icelandic declines names across four cases: a text may read Guðrúnar (genitive) or Jóni (dative). Take the case form as the name and you “change” it against the ID. | We reconstruct the nominative base form and match it to the identity documents, rather than carrying over an inflected form. |
| Kennitala misread as a date of birth | The Icelandic personal identity number (Kennitala) is ten digits and opens with the date of birth, but it is an official ID number with check and century digits, not a plain date. Rendered as “date of birth” or “tax number”, it becomes a false statement. | The Kennitala is labelled as such and reproduced unchanged, not reinterpreted into a German field. |
| Neologism treated as an international loanword | Icelandic coins its own terms — tölva (computer), sími (telephone), þota (jet). Expect international vocabulary and you translate past the matter. | Native specialists with a field use the correct Icelandic terminology instead of assumed loanwords. |
| Conservative legal/certificate formulae modernised | Icelandic has kept old, fixed formulae in certificates and legal texts. A “modernising” translation misses the official tone and can shift meaning. | The register and style of the source are preserved; formulae are rendered meaning-for-meaning, not freely. |
| "löggiltur skjalaþýðandi" ≠ "authorised translator" | In Iceland the state appoints a löggiltur skjalaþýðandi (sworn document translator); in Austria it is a court-sworn translator. The systems are not identical. | We clarify in advance where the document applies and set the right form: a certified translation for Austria, or the route via a löggiltur skjalaþýðandi for Iceland. |